Epoxy grouts vs injection mortars? We talk about code compliance
The importance of having a regulatory framework for qualifications, design and installation of post-installed concrete connections
Introduction
The need for connecting elements cast at different times in reinforced concrete (r. c.) structures frequently arises out of unplannedsituations where dowel/starter cast-in reinforcing bars (rebars) or couplers were missed out. However, the need can also be in planned construction activities to optimize and speed up the workflow. Moreover, the requirement for such connections is of high relevance in strengthening/retrofitting of building and civil structures.
In such situations, there aren鈥檛 many alternatives to the use of injection mortar or grout to establish post-installed rebar connections. They serve the function of anchoring, a connecting rebar to a previously cast r. c. member. Injection mortars are used in structural applications where the design load needs to be transferred safely.
At first sight, injection mortar or grout might look like similar technologies 鈥� still talking about chemical products surrounding a rebar, installed in a drilled hole in concrete, isn鈥檛 it? However, these two technologies are far from being similar for several reasons.
You may benchmark and compare the two technologies from different points of view, such as qualification and code suitability, safety, productivity and reliability. Spoiler alert: Injection mortar outperforms grouts in every aspect to establish concrete-to-concrete connections to strengthen or extend existing structures. Key roles are played by the appropriate design methods and selection of injection mortar.
Let鈥檚 deep dive into the comparison based on the regulatory framework for now.
Basic difference between injection mortars and grouts
Before we start, it makes sense to clarify a few points. Talking about grouts, we are referring to pre-dosed bi-components products that need to be mixed (manually or using a machine) by an operator. The two components are usually contained in cans and after mixing, the grout is poured into the hole/gap using the "dip-and-stick" technique. Grouts are generally used to fill gaps or joints between non-structural elements such as brick or stone masonry units, tiles, etc. (See Fig. 1a and 1b).
Talking about injection mortar systems, we refer again to bi-component products (Resin and Hardener) in pre-dosed cartridges (such as 海角社区 HIT-RE 500, HIT-HY 200 R, HIT-RE 100, HIT-HY 170, HIT-FP 700 R,. The mixing is carried out by a mixer that is a part of the dispenser that then discards the dosage of the injection mortar into the borehole by the required number of triggers (by an operator) as per the product鈥檚 IFU (Instructions For Use). An automatic dispenser can also be smartly used to inject accurate dosage of adhesive blend into the borehole that leads to reduced wastage, better productivity and easy handling (See Fig. 2).
Note: Injection of adhesive mortars in long boreholes with minimal air voids is done using the help of piston plug and extension hose attached to dispensers (See Fig. 2a & 2b) that helps ensuring that load-carrying capacity is not compromised.
Fig.1: An example of a) manual mixing and b) dip-and-stick installation of a bi-component grout system
Fig. 2: a) Schematic view of working mechanism of piston plug and b) automatic dispenser for accurate dosage of injection mortar with help of piston-plug & an extension hose
An automatic dispenser is usually paired along with a volume calculator to manually pre-set the calculated required dosage of the injection mortar which then is injected into the borehole at the pull of a trigger in a single go (See Fig. 3)
Fig.3: Example of automatic smart dispenser which mixes and doses accurately (using Volume Calculator) of the required injection mortar
The key differences between Injection mortar and grout are summarized in the table below:
Table1: Primary differences between Injection Mortar and Grouts
Factor | Injection mortar | Grout |
|---|---|---|
Purpose | Establishing structural connections by anchoring/bonding steel element to concrete | Filling gaps/joints in masonry, tiles and filling non-structural cracks in concrete |
Result | Safe structural connections as per design loads | Sealing the joints and finishing for aesthetics and moisture-protection |
Design method | Available such as EN 1992-1-1, EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Assessment) Technical Reports) | No design method as per regulatory framework for post-installed structural connections |
Qualification | Assessments (EOTA Technical Assessment bodies (TAB)) are available for injection mortars used in post-installed structural connections designed as per state-of-the-art standards and guideline | No link between assessment and design standards or guidelines relevant for post-installed structural connections |
Approvals | European Technical Assessments (ETAs) | CE-Marking according to EN 1504-6 |
Installation | A manual/automatic dispenser to inject accurate dosage (using volume calculation)- less wastage | 鈥楧ip-and-stick鈥� technique using hand or a trowel 鈥� more wastage |
The importance of qualification process in place for injection mortars
When it comes to the design of safety-relevant applications, there are two important tasks to be accomplished: first of all, you need to define the design considerations such as acting loads. Secondly, you need to run a proper design to check if the resistance is higher than, or at least equal to, the demand. In order to be compliant with the international standards used for the design of the rest of the structure, the suitability of the entire system of post-installed rebars including the material (injection mortar, rebars) and installation method employed must be proven comparable in performance to the cast-in rebar system (in terms of load/displacement behavior under different influencing parameters) by an authorised independent body. Only such proven post-installed rebar systems (injection mortar, rebars) may be designed according to the established design standards. In addition, and if required, you need to ensure that loading conditions such as seismic actions and fire exposure are covered.
Robust qualification criteria to be used for assessing, designing and installing post-installed rebars for structural connections exist only when injection mortars are used, and structural usage qualification is not for grouts. Table 2 summarises the main assessment criteria for post-installed rebar using injection systems and grouts.
Table 2: Comparison of assessment of injection mortars used in post-installed rebar systems vs grouts
Assessment Parameters | EOTA EAD 330087 (Injection Mortar) | EN 1504-6 (Grout) |
Various concrete strength classes, e.g., //C12 to C50// or //low and high strength concrete// | Valid | Valid |
Uncracked concrete | Valid | Assessed in EN 1504-6 |
Cracked concrete | Valid | - |
Other loading conditions 鈥� Seismic and fire | Valid | - |
Sensitivity to installation conditions (i.e., hole cleaning) | Valid | - |
Installation at low and high temperatures | Valid | - |
Drilling method | Valid | EN 1504-6- not spec. in CE mark |
Borehole direction and max. depth | Valid | EN 1504-6- not spec. in CE mark |
Sustained load at 21掳C | Valid (50/100 years) | EN 1504-6 - 3 months only |
Sustained load at elevated temperatures | Valid (50/100 years) | - |
Freeze-thaw cycles | Valid | - |
Resistance to alkalinity | Valid | - |
Corrosion protection of rebar | Valid | - |
Only mortars can be used for structural connections
Imagine designing a concrete-to-concrete connection, for instance, a slab-to-wall. You have calculated and designed the overall structure and reinforcement according to Eurocode. You find a grout product that has been somehow tested for repairing a concrete member or for a filling purpose, but the system has not been assessed for connecting a new structural concrete member to an existing one. Perhaps you might also find some information about its bond strength in the product鈥檚 technical data sheet. But, without exact resistance values taken from a third-party assessment, how would you know that the design or installation you have made with grouts will withstand the forces that will be transferred over time?
The answer is straight forward: you cannot know it. We cannot simply run a design with such a grout system if the performance has not been determined specifically for post-installed rebar applications where concrete members are structurally connected. We might be comparing apples with oranges here.
Since 海角社区 offers a wide range of qualified solutions for structural connections, we want to make it easy for our users to navigate through and select the best solution which is value engineered for their application conditions. We do this by offering our SPEC2SITEsolutions (with injection mortar) that help ensuring:
Productivity 鈥�
For an Engineer/Architect/Specifier, our solutions make the specifications higher performing and value-engineered. For a Contractor, our solutions make the jobsite practices become faster and simpler
Safety 鈥�
Our approved solution systems help ensuring proper installation, even in complex jobsites, to fulfill the design specifications. Hence, more piece of mind with getting what one specifies and safer construction practices.
Sustainability 颅鈥�
More sustainable solutions with less material usage and CO2 reduction with design optimisation.
Design using PROFIS Engineering software
To start with your fully code-compliant and safe concrete-to-concrete connection designs, use 海角社区鈥檚 proprietary software for quick, efficient and reliable solutions. PROFIS helps you in getting code compliant solutions according several national and regional, such as Eurocodes and ACI. You can calculate rebar embedment for a range of applications including lap splices, end anchorages and shear-friction (overlay) applications with qualified 海角社区 injection systems according to the state-of-the-art design codes and design standards.
Stay on the safer side and contact us today and: Contact 海角社区.